Crusade holy war this occurred in 1905, when Pope Urban II called upon Christians in Europe to conduct a holy war, to regain flexibility pilgrimage in Baitul Maqdis controlled by ruler Seljuk which sets some rules burdensome for People of Christian wish to pay respect to it.As already mentioned, an important event in the expansion movement by Alp Arselan is Manzikart event, in 464 AH (1071 AD). Alp soldiers Arselan that only 15,000 soldiers, in this event berhasi1 defeated the Roman army numbering 200,000 people, consisting of the Roman army, Ghuz, al-Akraj, al-Hajr, France and Armenia. This great event implanting the seeds of hostility and hatred of Christians against Muslims, which then triggers the Crusades. The hatred was increased after the Seljuk dynasty can seize Bait al-Maqdis in the year 471 H of dynastic power Fathimiyah based in Egypt. Seljuk ruler sets some rules for Christians who want to make a pilgrimage there. That rule has been very difficult for them. To regain the freedom of Christian pilgrimage to the holy land, in 1095 AD, Pope Urban II called upon the Christians of Europe in order to perform HOLY war. This war became known as the Crusades, which occurred in three periods.
First Period
In the spring of 1095 M; 150,000 Europeans, mostly the French and Norman, went to Constantinople, then to Palestine. Crusaders led by Godfrey, Bohemond and Raymond have gained a great victory. On June 18, 1097 they conquered Nicaea and in 1098 M master Raha (Edessa). Here they founded the first Latin kingdom with Baldawin as king. In the same year they can master Antiochea and Latin II established a kingdom in the East. Bohemond inducted into king. They also managed to occupy the Bait al-Maqdis (July 15, 1099 AD) and established a Latin kingdom with its king III, Godfrey. After the conquest of Bait al-Maqdis, the Crusaders continued expansion. They held the city of Akka (1104 AD), Tripoli (1109 AD) and the city of Tyre (1124 AD). In Tripoli they founded the kingdom of Latin IV, King is Raymond.
Second Period
Imad Zanki, Moshul and Iraqi authorities, managed to reconquer Aleppo, Hamimah, and Edessa in 1144 AD However he died in 1146 AD His task was continued by his son, Numuddin Zanki. Numuddin regained Antiochea in the year 1149 AD and 1151 AD entire Edessa can be retaken.
This led to the fall of Edessa Christian Crusades waged second. Pope Eugenius III convey holy war was greeted positively by the French king Louis VII and the German king Condrad II. Both are leading the Crusaders to seize Christian region in Syria. However, their advance hampered by Numuddin Zanki. They did not manage to enter Damascus. Louis VII and Condrad II himself escaped to return to his country. Numuddin died in 1174 AD Chairman of war later held by Saladin who successfully established the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt in 1175 AD The result is the greatest battle that Saladin recaptured Jerusalem in 1187 AD Thus the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, which lasted for 88 year ends.
The fall of Jerusalem into the hands of the Muslims so beat the feeling of crusaders. They also plan a reply. This time the crusaders led by Frederick Barbarossa, the German king, Richard the Lion Hart, king of England, and Philip Augustus, king of France. The troops moved in 1189 AD Despite the formidable challenges of Saladin, but they managed to seize Akka, which then made the capital of the Latin kingdom. But they did not manage to enter Palestine. On November 2, 1192 M, made an agreement between the Crusaders with Saladin called Shulh al-Ramlah. In this agreement stated that the Christians who go on pilgrimage to the Bait al-Maqdis will not be disturbed.
Third Period
Crusaders during this period led by the German king, Frederick II. This time they are trying to seize Egypt first before to Palestine, in the hope of help from the Christians Qibthi. In 1219 AD, they managed to occupy Dimyat. Egyptian king of the Ayyubid dynasty that time, al-Malik al-Kamil, making penjanjian with Frederick. It contained, among others, Frederick was willing to release Dimyat, while al-Malik al-Kamil releasing Palestinian, Frederick ensure the safety of the Muslims there, and Frederick did not send aid to Christians in Syria. In subsequent developments, the Palestinians can be recaptured by the Muslims in 1247 AD, during the reign of al-Malik al-Salih, the next ruler of Egypt. When Egypt ruled by dynasties Mamalik who replaced the Ayyubid dynasty, the leadership of war held by Baybars and Qalawun. Akka in the time they can be recaptured by the Muslims, in 1291 M. Thus the Crusades that raged in the East. This war does not stop in the West, in Spain, until the Muslims were expelled from there.
Even Muslims managed to maintain its regions from the Crusaders, but the loss that they have suffered a lot, because the war was going on in the region. These losses led to the political power of Muslims becoming weaker. In this condition they not be united, but instead divided. Many small dynasties which became independent from the central government in Baghdad Abbasids.
The period of disintegration
Seizing Power
Another factor that led to the political role of Bani Abbas decline is the struggle for power in the central government, by allowing the positions still held by the descendants of Abbas, as the Caliph has been regarded as the position of religious sacred and inviolable again, while kekusaan be established at central and local levels far from the central government in the form of small dynasties independent.
Another factor that led to the political role of Bani Abbas decline is the struggle for power in the central government. This actually happened in the previous Islamic governments. But, what happens to the Abbasid rule different from what happened before.
Prophet Muhammad did not specify how the change of leadership after the abandonment. He seems, leave it to the Muslims in line with the spirit of democracy that developed in the community of democracy in the Arab and Islamic teachings. In a further development, the process of political succession in the history of Islam vary from one period to another period. There is a secure and lasting peace, but often also through conflict and bloodshed as a result of unbridled ambitions of certain parties. After the Prophet's death, there was disagreement between the Emigrants and Helpers in Bani town hall Sa'idah in Medina. Each group argues that leadership should be on their side, or at least each group has its own leader. However, since a good understanding of their religion and the spirit of deliberation and high ukhuwah differences can be resolved, Abu Bakr was elected Caliph.
The first bloodshed in Islam because of a power struggle going on in the caliphate of Ali bin Abi Talib. First Ali faced a rebellion Talha, Zubair and Aisha. Reason revolt was Ali does not want to punish the murderers Usman, and they demand a defense against Usman blood that was shed unjustly. But beyond this reason, according to Ahmad Syalabi, Abdullah ibn Zubairlah which led to the uprising which brought many of the victims. He was desperate to occupy the seat of caliphate. To that end, he incited aunt and foster mother, Aisha, to rebel against Ali, in the hope Ali's fall and he could replace Ali. With the aim of getting the position of that caliphate of Muawiyah, the governor of Damascus, rebel. In addition to causing many casualties, Muawiya managed to reach the point, while Ali was killed by his own former.
Revolts that emerge during Ali aims to knock him out of the seat of caliphate and replaced by the rebel leader. The same thing happened during the reign of the Umayyads in Damascus. Frequent rebellions, including uprising Hussein ibn Ali, Shiite-led by al-Mukhtar, Abdullah ibn Zubair, and the last uprising Bani Abbas for the first time using the name of the movement of Banu Hashim. This last rebellion succeeded and then set up a new government named Abbasid Caliphate or the sons of Abbas.
In the reign of Bani Abbas, the seizure of power as it also happens, especially at the beginning of the establishment. However, in subsequent periods, as shown in the second period onwards, although Caliph helpless, there is no attempt to seize positions of the hands Abbasid caliphate. There is only the attempt to seize power by letting the post of caliph retained Bani Abbas. This occurs because the caliph has been regarded as a religious position that is sacred and inviolable again. While the power may be established in the center and in areas far from the center of government in the form of small dynasties independent. Turkish troops seized the power. Caliph in their hands like a puppet who can not do anything. Even they who pick and drop caliph according to their political wishes.
After the power is in the hands of the Turks in the second period, the third period (334-447 H / l055 AD), the Abbasid fortune under the authority of Bani Buwaih.The presence of Bani Buwaih begins three sons Abu Syuja 'Buwaih, fish finders who live in the area Dailam, namely Ali, Hasan and Ahmad. To get out of the pressures of poverty, the three brothers entered military service when it was seen by many bring sustenance. At first they joined forces with Eating ibn time, one warlord Dailam area. After prestige Eating ibn fade time, they were later joined by the commander Mardawij Zayyar ibn al-Dailamy Because of their achievements, Mardawij raised Ali became the governor of al-Karaj, and two other brothers were given an important position. That expansion of al-Karaj Bani Buwaih power began. First of all Ali conquered areas in Persia and made Shiraz as the central government. When Mardawij died, Bani Buwaih based in Shiraz was conquered several areas in the Persian like Ray, Isfahan, and areas of Jabal. Ali tried to get the legalization of the Abbasid caliph, al-Radhi Billah and send money to the state treasury. He managed to get the legality of it. Then he expanded into Iraq, Ahwaz, and Wasit.
From here Buwaih troops to Baghdad to seize power in the central government. At that time, Baghdad was hit by political turmoil, due to the struggle for the post of Amir al-Umara between vizier and military leaders. Military leaders have recourse to Ahmad ibn Buwaih based in Ahwaz. The request was granted. Ahmad and his troops arrived in Baghdad on-ula Jumadil 334 H / 945 AD He was well received by the caliph and directly appointed Amir al-Umara, the political ruler of the country, with a degree Mu'izz al-Daula. His brother, Ali, who ruled in southern Persia with its center in Shiraz was given the title of Imad al-Daulah, and Hasan who ruled in the north, Isfahan and Ray, was awarded the title of Rukn al-Daula. Since then, as against the previous Turkish military leaders, the caliphs subject to Bani Buwaih. In the reign of this Buwaih Bani, the Abbasid caliph really in name only. The implementation of government entirely in the hands of Bani Buwaih amir-amir. Caliphs worse state than ever before, especially since Bani Buwaih are adherents of Shi'a, while Bani Abbas is a Sunni. During the reign of the sons of Buwaih frequent riots between the groups and Shiite Ahl, rebellion army and so on.
After Baghdad controlled, Bani Buwaih move the power base from Shiraz to Baghdad. They built a separate building in the city center with the name Daral-Mamlakah. Nevertheless, the actual political control still in Shiraz, where Ali ibn Buwaih (oldest brother) reigns. Bani Buwaih with military force, some small previous dynasties independence from Baghdad, as Bani Hamdan in the region of Syria and Iraq, Samanid Empire, and Ikhsyidiyah, can be controlled back from Baghdad. As the first period of the Abbasid caliphs, rulers of Bani Buwaih devote attention directly and earnestly to the development of science and literature. At the time many emerging Bani Buwaih great scientists, among them al-Farabi (d. 950 AD), Ibn Sina (980-1037 AD), al-Farghani, Abdurrahman al-Shufi (d. 986 AD), Ibn Maskawaih (w . 1030 AD), Abu al-'Ala al-Ma'arri (973-1057 AD), and the group Ikhwan al-Safa. Bani services Buwaih also seen in the construction of canals, mosques, hospitals, and a number of other public buildings. Progress is offset by the pace of economic development, agriculture, trade and industry, especially the rug.
Bani Buwaih political forces not long survive. After the first generation, three brothers, powers the scene of clashes between their children. Each of these find the rightful owners of the central power. For example, disputes between the 'Izz al-Daula Bakhtiar, son Mu'izz al-Daulah and' ADHD al-Daula, son Imad al-Daula, in the race for the post of amir al-umara. A power struggle among the descendants of Bani Buwaih This is one of the internal factors that bring deterioration and destruction of their government. Other internal factors are contradictions within the military, between classes derived from Dailam with Turkish roots. When Amir al-Umara held by al-Daula Mu'izz the issue can be resolved, but when the post was occupied by people who are weak, the problem surfaced, destabilize and topple the government authority.
In line with the weakening of the political power of Bani Buwaih, the more interference from outside which led to the deterioration and destruction of this dynasty. The external factors include the vigorous attacks of the Byzantine to the Islamic world, and the increasing number of small dynasties that frees itself from the central power in Baghdad. Dynasties, among others dynasty Fathimiyah who proclaimed himself as the holder of the post of caliph in Egypt, Ikhsyidiyah in Egypt and Syria, Hamdan in Aleppo and valleys Furat, Ghaznawi in Ghazna near Kabul, and the Seljuk dynasty that succeeded in seizing power from the hands of Bani Buwaih.
The fall of Bani Buwaih power into the hands of the Seljuk stems from a power struggle in the country. When al-Malik al-Rahim held the post of Amir al-Umara, power was seized by his own commander, Arselan al-Basasiri. With the power in his hands, al-Basasiri do arbitrary terhadapal-Rahim Al-Malikal and Caliph al-Qaimdari Bani Abbas; He even invited the Caliph Fathimiyah, (al-Mustansir, for control of Baghdad. This prompted the caliph asked for help Tughril defender of the Seljuk dynasty based in Jabal country. On December 18, 1055 M / 447 H leader Seljuk entered Baghdad. Al- Malik al-Rahim, Amir al-Umara Bani Buwaih the latter, imprisoned. Thus ended the rule of Bani Buwaih and bermulalah power of the Seljuk dynasty. Substitution of these powers also marks the beginning of the fourth period Abbasid Caliphate, the Seljuk dynasty comes from several tribes of small clumps of tribal Ghuz in region of Turkistan. In the second century, third, and fourth Hijrah they go westward toward Transoxiana and Khorasan. When they have not been united. They are united by the Seljuk ibn Tuqaq. Therefore, they are called the Seljuks. In the beginning, the Seljuks ibn Tuqaq Bequ serve the king Turkoman areas covering an area around the Arabian Sea and the Caspian Sea. Seljuk appointed as the leader of the army. Seljuk influence so great that King Bequ worried about his position threatened. King intends to get rid of the Seljuks.
However, before the plan was implemented, Seljuk know. He did not take a stand against or rebellious, but together with his followers to migrate to the land, also called Wama Wara'a al-Nahar, a Muslim area in the region of Transoxiana (between Umm Driya and Syrdarya rivers or Sihun). They inhabit this area permission Samanids dynasty ruler who controls the area. They entered the school of Sunni Islam. When the dynasty Samanid dynasty was defeated by Ghaznawiyah, Seljuk declared independence. He managed to control territory previously controlled by the Samanids dynasty. After the Seljuk died, followed by his leadership, Israel. However, Israel and then its successor Michael, his brother can be captured by the authorities Ghaznawiyah. The next leadership held by Thugrul defender. This last Seljuk leader defeated Mas'ud al-Ghaznavids, Ghaznawiyah ruling dynasty, in the year 429 AH / 1036 AD, and forced him to leave the area of Khurasan. After this success, Thugrul proclaimed the establishment of the Seljuk dynasty. In the year 432 AH / 1040 AD this dynasty received recognition from the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad. At the moment this is the defender Thugrul leadership, Seljuk dynasty entered Baghdad replace Buwaih Bani. Previously, Thugrul captured areas of power Ghaznawiyah Marwadan Nishapur, Balkh, urjan, Tabaristan, Khawarizm, Ray, and Isfahan.
Position and the position of caliph better after the Seljuk dynasty in power; at least in the field of religious authority is returned after some time "deprived" of Shi'ites. Although Baghdad can be mastered, but he did not serve as the central government. Thugrul defender chose Nishapur and then Ray as the central government. Small dynasties that were previously split, after it was conquered by the Seljuk dynasty, re-admit the position of Baghdad, even they continue to maintain the integrity and security of the Abbasid to stem the ideology of Shiite and Sunni sects professed develop them.
After the death of Thugrul Bek (455 H / 1063 AD), the Seljuk dynasty successively ruled by Alp Arselan (455-465 H / 1063-1072), Malikshah (465-485 H / 1072-1092), Mahmud (485-487 H / 1092-1094 AD), Barkiyaruq (487 -498 H / 1094-1103), Malikshah II (498 H / 1103 AD), Abu Syuja 'Muhammad (498-511 H / 11 03-1117 M), and Abu Haris Sanjar (511-522H / 1117-1128 AD). The Seljuk administration dikena1 with the name al-Salajikah al-Kubra (Great Seljuk or the Great Seljuk). In addition, there are several other Seljuk rule in some areas as mentioned earlier. At the time of Alp Arselan regional expansion begun by Thugrul Bek continued westward to the center of Roman culture in Asia Minor, which is Byzantine. Important events in this expansion movement is what is known as Manzikart events. Alp Arselan army defeated a large Roman army consisting of the Roman army, Ghuz, al-Akraj, al-Hajr, France and Armenia. By the year 1071 AD Manzikart mastered it, it opened an opportunity for him to make a move penturkian (turkification) in Asia Minor. This movement starts with lifting Sulaiman ibn Qutlumish, nephew Alp Arselan, as governor in this area. In the year 1077 AD (470 H), established the Seljuk sultanate of Rum with its capital Iconim. Meanwhile the son Arselan, Tutush, succeeded in establishing the Seljuk dynasty in Syria in 1094 AD / 487 AH
At the time of the Seljuk dynasty Malikshah territory is very wide, extending from Kashgor, a region at the end regions of Turkey, to Jerusalem. Vast territory was divided into five sections:
Another factor that led to the political role of Bani Abbas decline is the struggle for power in the central government. This actually happened in the previous Islamic governments. But, what happens to the Abbasid rule different from what happened before.
Prophet Muhammad did not specify how the change of leadership after the abandonment. He seems, leave it to the Muslims in line with the spirit of democracy that developed in the community of democracy in the Arab and Islamic teachings. In a further development, the process of political succession in the history of Islam vary from one period to another period. There is a secure and lasting peace, but often also through conflict and bloodshed as a result of unbridled ambitions of certain parties. After the Prophet's death, there was disagreement between the Emigrants and Helpers in Bani town hall Sa'idah in Medina. Each group argues that leadership should be on their side, or at least each group has its own leader. However, since a good understanding of their religion and the spirit of deliberation and high ukhuwah differences can be resolved, Abu Bakr was elected Caliph.
The first bloodshed in Islam because of a power struggle going on in the caliphate of Ali bin Abi Talib. First Ali faced a rebellion Talha, Zubair and Aisha. Reason revolt was Ali does not want to punish the murderers Usman, and they demand a defense against Usman blood that was shed unjustly. But beyond this reason, according to Ahmad Syalabi, Abdullah ibn Zubairlah which led to the uprising which brought many of the victims. He was desperate to occupy the seat of caliphate. To that end, he incited aunt and foster mother, Aisha, to rebel against Ali, in the hope Ali's fall and he could replace Ali. With the aim of getting the position of that caliphate of Muawiyah, the governor of Damascus, rebel. In addition to causing many casualties, Muawiya managed to reach the point, while Ali was killed by his own former.
Revolts that emerge during Ali aims to knock him out of the seat of caliphate and replaced by the rebel leader. The same thing happened during the reign of the Umayyads in Damascus. Frequent rebellions, including uprising Hussein ibn Ali, Shiite-led by al-Mukhtar, Abdullah ibn Zubair, and the last uprising Bani Abbas for the first time using the name of the movement of Banu Hashim. This last rebellion succeeded and then set up a new government named Abbasid Caliphate or the sons of Abbas.
In the reign of Bani Abbas, the seizure of power as it also happens, especially at the beginning of the establishment. However, in subsequent periods, as shown in the second period onwards, although Caliph helpless, there is no attempt to seize positions of the hands Abbasid caliphate. There is only the attempt to seize power by letting the post of caliph retained Bani Abbas. This occurs because the caliph has been regarded as a religious position that is sacred and inviolable again. While the power may be established in the center and in areas far from the center of government in the form of small dynasties independent. Turkish troops seized the power. Caliph in their hands like a puppet who can not do anything. Even they who pick and drop caliph according to their political wishes.
After the power is in the hands of the Turks in the second period, the third period (334-447 H / l055 AD), the Abbasid fortune under the authority of Bani Buwaih.The presence of Bani Buwaih begins three sons Abu Syuja 'Buwaih, fish finders who live in the area Dailam, namely Ali, Hasan and Ahmad. To get out of the pressures of poverty, the three brothers entered military service when it was seen by many bring sustenance. At first they joined forces with Eating ibn time, one warlord Dailam area. After prestige Eating ibn fade time, they were later joined by the commander Mardawij Zayyar ibn al-Dailamy Because of their achievements, Mardawij raised Ali became the governor of al-Karaj, and two other brothers were given an important position. That expansion of al-Karaj Bani Buwaih power began. First of all Ali conquered areas in Persia and made Shiraz as the central government. When Mardawij died, Bani Buwaih based in Shiraz was conquered several areas in the Persian like Ray, Isfahan, and areas of Jabal. Ali tried to get the legalization of the Abbasid caliph, al-Radhi Billah and send money to the state treasury. He managed to get the legality of it. Then he expanded into Iraq, Ahwaz, and Wasit.
From here Buwaih troops to Baghdad to seize power in the central government. At that time, Baghdad was hit by political turmoil, due to the struggle for the post of Amir al-Umara between vizier and military leaders. Military leaders have recourse to Ahmad ibn Buwaih based in Ahwaz. The request was granted. Ahmad and his troops arrived in Baghdad on-ula Jumadil 334 H / 945 AD He was well received by the caliph and directly appointed Amir al-Umara, the political ruler of the country, with a degree Mu'izz al-Daula. His brother, Ali, who ruled in southern Persia with its center in Shiraz was given the title of Imad al-Daulah, and Hasan who ruled in the north, Isfahan and Ray, was awarded the title of Rukn al-Daula. Since then, as against the previous Turkish military leaders, the caliphs subject to Bani Buwaih. In the reign of this Buwaih Bani, the Abbasid caliph really in name only. The implementation of government entirely in the hands of Bani Buwaih amir-amir. Caliphs worse state than ever before, especially since Bani Buwaih are adherents of Shi'a, while Bani Abbas is a Sunni. During the reign of the sons of Buwaih frequent riots between the groups and Shiite Ahl, rebellion army and so on.
After Baghdad controlled, Bani Buwaih move the power base from Shiraz to Baghdad. They built a separate building in the city center with the name Daral-Mamlakah. Nevertheless, the actual political control still in Shiraz, where Ali ibn Buwaih (oldest brother) reigns. Bani Buwaih with military force, some small previous dynasties independence from Baghdad, as Bani Hamdan in the region of Syria and Iraq, Samanid Empire, and Ikhsyidiyah, can be controlled back from Baghdad. As the first period of the Abbasid caliphs, rulers of Bani Buwaih devote attention directly and earnestly to the development of science and literature. At the time many emerging Bani Buwaih great scientists, among them al-Farabi (d. 950 AD), Ibn Sina (980-1037 AD), al-Farghani, Abdurrahman al-Shufi (d. 986 AD), Ibn Maskawaih (w . 1030 AD), Abu al-'Ala al-Ma'arri (973-1057 AD), and the group Ikhwan al-Safa. Bani services Buwaih also seen in the construction of canals, mosques, hospitals, and a number of other public buildings. Progress is offset by the pace of economic development, agriculture, trade and industry, especially the rug.
Bani Buwaih political forces not long survive. After the first generation, three brothers, powers the scene of clashes between their children. Each of these find the rightful owners of the central power. For example, disputes between the 'Izz al-Daula Bakhtiar, son Mu'izz al-Daulah and' ADHD al-Daula, son Imad al-Daula, in the race for the post of amir al-umara. A power struggle among the descendants of Bani Buwaih This is one of the internal factors that bring deterioration and destruction of their government. Other internal factors are contradictions within the military, between classes derived from Dailam with Turkish roots. When Amir al-Umara held by al-Daula Mu'izz the issue can be resolved, but when the post was occupied by people who are weak, the problem surfaced, destabilize and topple the government authority.
In line with the weakening of the political power of Bani Buwaih, the more interference from outside which led to the deterioration and destruction of this dynasty. The external factors include the vigorous attacks of the Byzantine to the Islamic world, and the increasing number of small dynasties that frees itself from the central power in Baghdad. Dynasties, among others dynasty Fathimiyah who proclaimed himself as the holder of the post of caliph in Egypt, Ikhsyidiyah in Egypt and Syria, Hamdan in Aleppo and valleys Furat, Ghaznawi in Ghazna near Kabul, and the Seljuk dynasty that succeeded in seizing power from the hands of Bani Buwaih.
The fall of Bani Buwaih power into the hands of the Seljuk stems from a power struggle in the country. When al-Malik al-Rahim held the post of Amir al-Umara, power was seized by his own commander, Arselan al-Basasiri. With the power in his hands, al-Basasiri do arbitrary terhadapal-Rahim Al-Malikal and Caliph al-Qaimdari Bani Abbas; He even invited the Caliph Fathimiyah, (al-Mustansir, for control of Baghdad. This prompted the caliph asked for help Tughril defender of the Seljuk dynasty based in Jabal country. On December 18, 1055 M / 447 H leader Seljuk entered Baghdad. Al- Malik al-Rahim, Amir al-Umara Bani Buwaih the latter, imprisoned. Thus ended the rule of Bani Buwaih and bermulalah power of the Seljuk dynasty. Substitution of these powers also marks the beginning of the fourth period Abbasid Caliphate, the Seljuk dynasty comes from several tribes of small clumps of tribal Ghuz in region of Turkistan. In the second century, third, and fourth Hijrah they go westward toward Transoxiana and Khorasan. When they have not been united. They are united by the Seljuk ibn Tuqaq. Therefore, they are called the Seljuks. In the beginning, the Seljuks ibn Tuqaq Bequ serve the king Turkoman areas covering an area around the Arabian Sea and the Caspian Sea. Seljuk appointed as the leader of the army. Seljuk influence so great that King Bequ worried about his position threatened. King intends to get rid of the Seljuks.
However, before the plan was implemented, Seljuk know. He did not take a stand against or rebellious, but together with his followers to migrate to the land, also called Wama Wara'a al-Nahar, a Muslim area in the region of Transoxiana (between Umm Driya and Syrdarya rivers or Sihun). They inhabit this area permission Samanids dynasty ruler who controls the area. They entered the school of Sunni Islam. When the dynasty Samanid dynasty was defeated by Ghaznawiyah, Seljuk declared independence. He managed to control territory previously controlled by the Samanids dynasty. After the Seljuk died, followed by his leadership, Israel. However, Israel and then its successor Michael, his brother can be captured by the authorities Ghaznawiyah. The next leadership held by Thugrul defender. This last Seljuk leader defeated Mas'ud al-Ghaznavids, Ghaznawiyah ruling dynasty, in the year 429 AH / 1036 AD, and forced him to leave the area of Khurasan. After this success, Thugrul proclaimed the establishment of the Seljuk dynasty. In the year 432 AH / 1040 AD this dynasty received recognition from the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad. At the moment this is the defender Thugrul leadership, Seljuk dynasty entered Baghdad replace Buwaih Bani. Previously, Thugrul captured areas of power Ghaznawiyah Marwadan Nishapur, Balkh, urjan, Tabaristan, Khawarizm, Ray, and Isfahan.
Position and the position of caliph better after the Seljuk dynasty in power; at least in the field of religious authority is returned after some time "deprived" of Shi'ites. Although Baghdad can be mastered, but he did not serve as the central government. Thugrul defender chose Nishapur and then Ray as the central government. Small dynasties that were previously split, after it was conquered by the Seljuk dynasty, re-admit the position of Baghdad, even they continue to maintain the integrity and security of the Abbasid to stem the ideology of Shiite and Sunni sects professed develop them.
After the death of Thugrul Bek (455 H / 1063 AD), the Seljuk dynasty successively ruled by Alp Arselan (455-465 H / 1063-1072), Malikshah (465-485 H / 1072-1092), Mahmud (485-487 H / 1092-1094 AD), Barkiyaruq (487 -498 H / 1094-1103), Malikshah II (498 H / 1103 AD), Abu Syuja 'Muhammad (498-511 H / 11 03-1117 M), and Abu Haris Sanjar (511-522H / 1117-1128 AD). The Seljuk administration dikena1 with the name al-Salajikah al-Kubra (Great Seljuk or the Great Seljuk). In addition, there are several other Seljuk rule in some areas as mentioned earlier. At the time of Alp Arselan regional expansion begun by Thugrul Bek continued westward to the center of Roman culture in Asia Minor, which is Byzantine. Important events in this expansion movement is what is known as Manzikart events. Alp Arselan army defeated a large Roman army consisting of the Roman army, Ghuz, al-Akraj, al-Hajr, France and Armenia. By the year 1071 AD Manzikart mastered it, it opened an opportunity for him to make a move penturkian (turkification) in Asia Minor. This movement starts with lifting Sulaiman ibn Qutlumish, nephew Alp Arselan, as governor in this area. In the year 1077 AD (470 H), established the Seljuk sultanate of Rum with its capital Iconim. Meanwhile the son Arselan, Tutush, succeeded in establishing the Seljuk dynasty in Syria in 1094 AD / 487 AH
At the time of the Seljuk dynasty Malikshah territory is very wide, extending from Kashgor, a region at the end regions of Turkey, to Jerusalem. Vast territory was divided into five sections:
- Great Seljuks who controlled Khorassan, Ray, Jabal, Iraq, Persia, and Ahwaz. He is the parent of the other. Sheikh number who ruled eight people.
- Kirman Seljuk under the authority of the family Qawurt defender Michael ibn Dawud ibn ibn Seljuk. Number of sheikhs who ruled twelve.
- Seljuk Iraq and Kurdistan, is the first leader Mughirs al-Din Mahmud. The Seljuks successively ruled by nine sheikh.
- Seljuk Syria, ruled by the Alp Arselan Tutush ibn ibn Daud ibn Michael ibn Seljuk, number of sheikhs who ruled five people.
- Seljuk Rum, ruled by the Seljuk Qutlumish ibn ibn Israel with a number of sheikhs who ruled the whole 17 people.
Besides dividing the area into five, headed by a governor who holds the sheik or Malik, Seljuk ruler also restore the post of prime minister were previously removed by the authorities Bani Buwaih. This position oversees several departments.
At the time of Alp Arselan, science and religion began to develop and progress at the time of Sultan Malik Shah assisted by the prime minister Nizam al-Mulk. The prime minister initiated the founding of the University Nizamiyyah (1065 M) and Madrasah Hanafiyah in Baghdad. Almost every city in Iraq and Khurasan established branches Nizamiyyah. According to Philip K. Hitti, University Nizamiyyah which is the model for all universities at a later date.
Government attention to the development of science spawned many Muslim scientists of his time. Among them are al-Zamakhsyari in the field of interpretation, language and theology; al-Qusyairy in the field of interpretation; Abu Hamid al-Ghazali in theology; and Farid al-Din al-'Aththar and Omar Khayam in literature.
Not only mental and spiritual development, in physical development was the Seljuk dynasty many leave the service. Malik Shah's famous development efforts in the past. Many mosques, bridges, irrigation and highway construction.
After Sultan Malikshah and prime minister Nizam al-Mulk died Great Seljuk began to experience a period of decline in the political field. Power struggles between family members arise. Each province trying to escape from the center. Conflicts and wars among members of their own family weaken. Meanwhile, some smaller dynasties independence, as Syahat Khawarizm, Ghuz, and al-Ghuriyah. On the other hand, little by little political power caliph also back, especially for the country of Iraq. Seljuk dynasty rule in Iraq ended up in the hands of the Shah Khawarizm in 590 H / l199 M.
At the time of Alp Arselan, science and religion began to develop and progress at the time of Sultan Malik Shah assisted by the prime minister Nizam al-Mulk. The prime minister initiated the founding of the University Nizamiyyah (1065 M) and Madrasah Hanafiyah in Baghdad. Almost every city in Iraq and Khurasan established branches Nizamiyyah. According to Philip K. Hitti, University Nizamiyyah which is the model for all universities at a later date.
Government attention to the development of science spawned many Muslim scientists of his time. Among them are al-Zamakhsyari in the field of interpretation, language and theology; al-Qusyairy in the field of interpretation; Abu Hamid al-Ghazali in theology; and Farid al-Din al-'Aththar and Omar Khayam in literature.
Not only mental and spiritual development, in physical development was the Seljuk dynasty many leave the service. Malik Shah's famous development efforts in the past. Many mosques, bridges, irrigation and highway construction.
After Sultan Malikshah and prime minister Nizam al-Mulk died Great Seljuk began to experience a period of decline in the political field. Power struggles between family members arise. Each province trying to escape from the center. Conflicts and wars among members of their own family weaken. Meanwhile, some smaller dynasties independence, as Syahat Khawarizm, Ghuz, and al-Ghuriyah. On the other hand, little by little political power caliph also back, especially for the country of Iraq. Seljuk dynasty rule in Iraq ended up in the hands of the Shah Khawarizm in 590 H / l199 M.
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